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2020. vol. 17. No. 1
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To the Anniversary of T.N. Ushakova
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5–7
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Special Theme of the Issue.
Counseling Psychology
Natalia Kiselnikova
Editorial
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8–9
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10–26
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The article is devoted to a theoretical review of psychotherapy directions and description of the authors’ suggestive “sensorimotor psychosynthesis” technique, which specifics lies in the integration of suggested feelings and images, in the style of M. Erickson’s non-directive hypnosis, that requires activity from the patient in his ongoing dialogue with the therapist. Fragments of psychotherapeutic work with the patient according to the method of sensorimotor psychosynthesis are given. Various options for integrating therapeutic areas such as technical eclecticism, theoretical integration, assimilative integration and integration based on common factors are discussed. Sensorimotor Psychosynthesis is considered as a method that allows to reveal new possibilities for the integration of psychotherapeutic techniques. In particular, it is argued to be a method for integrating psychotherapeutic techniques, taking into account their relationship to the level organization of mental activity; to model human behavior in different life situations and various response options in one specific situation, including the whole spectrum of physiological, sensory, emotional and behavioral reactions. In conclusion, the authors support C. Jung’s opinion that the future of psychology and psychotherapy is to develop an understanding of human’s place in nature and the meaning of his existence. It is noted that the future of psychology is not only in the creation of new psycho-practices, not only in their integration, but also in the development of their ideological foundation. It is noted that modern psychotherapy has largely borrowed, integrated and developed psychotechnics from various religious movements. And just as religious denominations need their own "theology", scientifically explaining the meaning and purpose of human existence. |
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27–42
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Understanding and study of resentment are still outside the framework of scientific psychology to a significant degree that cannot be considered as reasonable. It is difficult to find in human life a more meaningful and widespread phenomenon that coexists with all our contacts and continually working upon one’s attitudes, emotions and decisions. The objective of this article is the introduction of this topic to the subject of scientific psychology and even if to a small degree to fill the above void in psychology. To introduce resentment in the scientific field, the data on the study of forgiveness was used, which is perceived as an antipode of resentment and can help in the understanding and study of resentment as well as the study of unforgiveness that is much closer to the phenomenon of resentment. |
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43–59
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In this paper, traditional and novel forms of suicidal behavior are analyzed from the perspective of the death drive. Special attention is paid to such phenomena as "death groups" and "suicide terrorism". Previously, suicide was described as a singular act voluntarily and independently committed by an individual, but in the recent decades, hundreds of episodes have occurred, in which suicidal individuals killed dozens or even hundreds of innocent people together with themselves. Results of psychoanalytic studies of suicidal behavior are analyzed, in particular, "Studies of hysteria" (the case of Anna O.), "The Wolf Man", "The Rat Man", "The case of Dora", "Psychoanalytic notes on a case of paranoia", "On the psychogenesis of a case of female homosexuality", "Mourning and melancholy". Such contemporary societal problems as loss of meaning and perverted ideological attitudes are discussed as an influential cause of the increase in aggressive and suicidal behavior. |
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60–72
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Malevolent creativity (MC) is manifested in the implementation of one’s own or somebody else’s original ideas that harm other people. Analysis of previous studies shows that there are age and gender specifics. We present the results of a study of MC predictors, taking into account age and gender of the respondents. The sample (N = 293): men (N = 192); cadets (N = 97), cadets of high school (N = 150) and students of high school (N=46, women). A battery of questionnaires was used to measure aggression, MAK-IV, emotional intelligence, personality traits of the Big Five, behavioral characteristics of MC. Qualitative gender characteristics of MC predictors were revealed: in men, this is hostility, and in women, aggression. According to the results of the regression analysis, the specificity of adolescent MC is that negative predictors include Consciousness and Agreeableness traits associated with deviant behavior, but not in adult respondents. The results obtained can be used to develop programs for the prevention of deviant behavior in adolescents. |
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73–88
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The objective of this interdisciplinary study was to identify informative signs of behavior of Russian-speaking users of the social network VKontakte in connection with the severity of their signs of depression. The study used data from 1268 Vkontakte users who filled out the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and also provided access to their profiles information. There were three groups of respondents with different levels of severity of signs of depression. Using machine learning methods, the support vector method (SVM) and the random forest algorithm (Random Forest), informative linguistic and behavioral signs of depression were revealed among users of the VKontakte social network, comparable to data obtained by researchers of English-speaking respondents from other social networks. |
Articles
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89–101
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Contemporary scientific literature is controversial about the two basic mechanisms that play a significant role in the identification and discrimination of facial expressions, that is, the analytic process (perceiving individual facial features) and the holistic process (perceiving the face as a Gestalt). Despite the large number of studies, the question of their relative contributions into the perception of facial expressions remains open. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of the analytic and holistic processing simultaneously using the methods of composite and inverted faces in the task of assessing the expression similarity. To achieve this goal, the method of multidimensional scaling was used to enable the construction of a subjective space of expression similarities and then to analyze the clustering of expressions under up-right and inverted exposure conditions. The results showed that: 1. In up-right conditions of face presentations holistic processing plays a more important role; 2. Under the inverted conditions, the role of analytic processing is increased that is manifested in a change of expression clustering in the subjective space of expression similarities; 3. The method of multidimensional scaling is productive for investigating the interaction of analytic and holistic encoding mechanisms of facial expressions; 4. Sharing methods of the composite and inverted faces is an effective tool for changing the impact of analytic and holistic processes in assessing expression similarities. |
Maria Chumakova,
Marina Zhukova,
Sergey Kornilov,
Irina Golovanova,
Alexandra Davyudova,
Tatiana Logvinenko,
Irina Ovchinnikova,
Maksim Petrov,
Anna Antonova,
Oksana Naumova,
Elena Grigorenko
Psychological, Social and Emotional Well-Being of Adults with a History of Institutionalization: The Pilot Study Findings
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102–117
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The paper presents pilot research data that is part of the research project “The Impact of Early Deprivation on the Bio-Behavioral Indicators of Child Development” from the Government’s megagrant programs No. 14.Z50.31.0027. The purpose of the paper is the study of mental, social and emotional well-being indicators of adults raised in orphanages in comparison with a control group of adults who grew up in biological families. The comparison was carried out using scales of the WHO Questionnaire for assessing quality of life and Adult Self-Report (ASR) from The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for assessing psychological and emotional well-being. Results revealed no significant differences between the groups studied. However, using the classification procedures, we found that an important feature is the living conditions that enable classification of membership in a group of graduates of an orphanage or in a group of adults from biological families: a separate apartment or a “public” space (a communal apartment or a dorm). A hypothesis has been put forward about the impact of the current living environment on the diagnosed indicators of the mental, social and emotional well-being of orphanage graduates. |
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118–133
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In a modern constantly changing world the problem of decision-making under trust-distrust is becoming more and more significant. Thus, it is important to study the factors that influence the decision-making process of interaction strategies choice. We tested the influence of situational factors (emotional state and time pressure) on the prisoner’s dilemma model. 208 people (123 females and 85 males, the average age 22 y.o.) participated in our experiment. Our results demonstrate the influence of the following situational factors. Firstly, negative emotions increase the probability of choosing a competing strategy. Secondly, people tend to choose a competing strategy in a time pressure situation. The findings show that a personal trait such as emotional stability increases the probability of the cooperation strategy choice. The diametral picture: severity of such personal characteristics as impulsiveness, antagonism and procrastination increases the probability of choosing a competing strategy (with time pressure and negative emotions). Furthermore, with time pressure, Machiavellianism becomes significant for the cooperation strategy choice, and liking as a criterion of trust becomes significant for the competing strategy choice. |
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133–144
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Self-Determination Theory (SDT) has grown substantially over the past 30 years. Much of that growth stems from the theory’s rigorous empirical foundations and the elegance of the theory itself. Yet most of SDT’s empirical support has been quantitative, with little attention to the possible contributions of a qualitative approach. This paper details two recent, qualitative studies of motivation in the realm of education that address critical issues in SDT. Study 1 (N= 195) explored the question, “Might there be different basic needs in other cultures?”. Study 2 (N = 115) asked, “What is the experience of autonomy like for members of another culture?”. In Study 1, an analysis of responses given by 195 teachers, psychologists and school principals of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia) revealed their consensus that the child’s psychological well-being is based on satisfying the child’s need for relationships. In Study 2, 115 graduate students (Kazan, Russia) described their experience of autonomy and non-autonomy at the university in the form of an essay. Analysis revealed two additional categories that distinguish these situations from each other: the time factor and the meaning of the situation for a person. In both studies, participants provided responses in their own words. These studies provide simple examples of how a qualitative design can push the boundaries of current understanding with respect to two central questions under cross-cultural debate. Suggestions for further research are offered. |
Work in Progress
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145–155
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What is the relationship between the vocabulary of a person and the process of cognition? A lot of studies show that the nameability of labelling objects accelerates the category learning. We hypothesized that the presence of labels of the object’s features locations also helps learning new category rules. In the experiment, the subjects learned to distinguish two fictitious illnesses with the images of symptoms, located in various places. We varied the location of the symptoms on a silhouette of a foot. In the condition of a high nameability of a location, the images of symptoms were located on those parts of foot, for which common labels exist (for example, a heel or a sole). In the condition of a low nameability, the images of symptoms were located on those parts of foot, for which the labels are rarely used (Achilles or an arch). The formation of the rule demanded finding a link between the location of the symptom and its image. According to the hypothesis, the location of category features in places, which have more convenient labels, will improve the success of learning the category rule, as opposed to the location of the same features in places that do not have convenient labels. As a result, we’ve found that this hypothesis was confirmed: the subjects formed a rule in the condition of high nameability more successfully than in the condition of low nameability. We explain this result with the following: the presence of convenient labels allows testing hypotheses while learning new categories more easily – matching the features with the feedback while determining the category rules. The results are discussed in the context of development in ontogenesis the ability to form categories. |
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156–165
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The current study is focused on referential ambiguity – a situation when a pronoun may be interpreted in favor of several referents. In the eye-tracking study, we aimed to investigate how referentially ambiguous and unambiguous sentences are processed when the readers’ expectations are manipulated by context. Two stimuli groups with temporal ambiguity were used: a region with a pronoun was followed by a clause containing disambiguating information. A control unambiguous condition was created for each experimental item. In the first group, there was no specific bias towards any of referents, while in the second group the readers’ expectations were biased towards the first-mentioned referent. The results showed that expectations are formed even before the pronoun appears. In the second group in the unambiguous condition, it results in a slowdown at the pronoun region when it refers to the unexpected referent. The ambiguous condition allows interpreting the pronoun according to the readers’ expectations, so the slowdown occurs only in the disambiguating area when the pronoun is disambiguated towards a less anticipated referent. In both cases, the slowdown reflects reprocessing of the text and correcting the discourse representation. As for the stimuli with no predetermined expectation, there was no difference in the first-pass reading time of the region with a pronoun; however, the significant slowdown in the processing of disambiguating area is reported in the ambiguous condition compared to the unambiguous one, regardless of which referent the pronoun refers to. This may be caused by retrieval difficulty, by the necessity to reprocess the previous text or to establish referential relations. |
Reviews
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166–180
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The article discusses the prediction of individual psychological characteristics (personality traits, emotional states, values, motives, etc.) based on person’s digital footprints. As studies have shown, such characteristics can be very accurately detected on the basis of various types of digital footprints: texts, images, Internet-surfing features, the nature and duration of phone calls, “likes” (I like), financial transactions, and changes in a person’s location. Most often, to perform this task, textual information is used from a variety of sources (user profiles, blogs, tweets, etc.). With vocabulary-oriented predicting of psychological characteristics, two main approaches to text analysis are used. One, the so-called fixed (closed-vocabulary), uses a limited vocabulary dictionary, and the other (open-vocabulary) uses an unlimited vocabulary dictionary. In the case of a fixed approach, a certain set of words and categories is initially set, the relationship of which with personality traits is revealed. Unlike the fixed one, in the case of using the open approach, there is no predefined list of words, and lexical predictors of personality traits are found directly in the course of text analysis. The greatest accuracy of predicting was achieved in the case of personality traits of the "Big Five". According to the degree of success in predicting, they were arranged as follows (from the most successful to the least): extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness. Emotional states, values, motives, and life satisfaction are predicted slightly worse. The simultaneous use of several types of digital footprints, as well as more advanced procedures for collecting and analyzing data, can significantly increase the accuracy of the prediction. Immediate and more distant prospects for research in this area are evaluated. |
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To the Anniversary of V.S. Mukhina
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181–183
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