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2016. vol. 13. No. 2
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Special Theme of the Issue.
Transmission of Values and Their Impact on Attitudes of People in Different Cultures
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223–239
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This paper describes the impact of religious identity and perceived parent-child psychological closeness on their value similarity in different religious contexts (contexts of religious minority and majority). The total sample includes 454 respondents. Parents and adolescent children of 118 Russian Orthodox Christian families from the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (with 72% Muslim population) and 109 Russian Orthodox families from the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (with 91% Orthodox population) were surveyed using a questionnaire measuring values (Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised – PVQ-R of Schwartz), religious identity and scales of perceived parent-child closeness assessed by parents and adolescents developed by the authors. The results of path analysis showed that religious identity of Russian Orthodox adolescents in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic predicted parent-child value similarity, while the perceived psychological closeness of adolescents with their parents negatively related to their value similarity. In the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania parental religious identity and psychological closeness assessed by children predict the parent-child value similarity. In these two North Caucasus republics we also found that psychological closeness assessed by parents negatively related to parent-child value similarity. The discussion of the results is devoted to the role of religious context in the impact of religious identity and perceived psychological closeness on parent-child value similarity. |
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240–255
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This article examines the relationship between value orientations and Entrepreneurial Intention according to Reasoned Action Approach. The empirical base of this study relied on the results of a representative survey conducted in 2 regions of Russia (the Central Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District). The total sample included 2,061 respondents. Interviews were conducted with representative samples of 1,026 respondents from the Central Federal District of Russia, including Moscow, and 1,035 respondents from the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia. It A subsample (269 pers.) was selected from this sample. The subsample was composed of the respondents intending to open a business in the next 2 years. The results of research carried out in the framework of Reasoned Action Approach allowed us to confirm the validity of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in the Russian sample. The questionnaire included methods related to the assessment of values (PVQ-R), entrepreneurial intentions, and demographic variables. To establish convergent and divergent validity of all the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour, attitudes toward the behaviour, social norms, perceived behavioural control, and intention as well as an additionally introduced concept of implementation intention, we tested our measurement model simultaneously for all measures. For this purpose we conducted a simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis using maximum likelihood estimation for estimating all parameters. It was also found that the value of Self-Direction (Action) is positively associated with the components of the model of entrepreneurial planned behaviour (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control). Value of Security (Personal) is negatively associated with an attitude toward the idea of opening a new business. |
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256–272
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Attitudes towards immigrants remain a relevant psychological outcome as they are related to prejudice, discrimination, and adaptation of migrants. Recent studies showed that basic human values could be used to explain considerable proportion of variance in attitudes towards immigrants and immigration. These studies reported that across cultural contexts the value dimension of self-transcendence is positively related to attitudes to migrants, and the value dimension of conservation is related negatively. In this paper I attempt to address some theoretical problems with universalistic interpretations of value-behavior relationships and propose a new method to identify culturally specific patterns of value-attitude relationships. Data from 25 countries collected in waves 5 and 6 of the European Social Survey (ESS) was used to assess feasibility of the proposed method. Accounting for cross-country variation significantly improved predictions of attitudes towards immigrants from individual values. Moreover, the proposed measure moderated the relationship between individual values and attitudes towards immigrants when tested against an independent data set. In line with past studies, the results indicate that overall, universalism (a self-transcendent value) is the most positive predictor of attitudes towards immigrants, and security (a conservation value) is the most negative. Unlike previous studies, there is no support for universality of the pattern. A theoretical explanation for cultural variation is offered. |
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273–298
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The article addresses the relationship between individual values, social distance and positive and negative attitudes toward immigration. The objective of the present study is the verification of the universal character of these relationship. Previously the researchers very rarely addressed both aspects of attitudes toward immigrants: appraisal of immigrants by the host society and attitudes of the host society toward the migration policy. In the present study both these aspects were considered in the form of social distance and three attitudes toward immigration. With the data analysis of the 7th round from the European Social Survey (ESS), 2014 for four European countries (Belgium, Germany, France and the Netherlands), after the test of metric (strong factorial) invariance of the scales and their reliability, with the use of structural equation modeling it was found that, as it was supposed in the hypotheses of the study, social distance is positively associated to the conservation values and negatively associated with the openness to change, and positively associated to negative attitudes toward immigration (immigration as a threat and necessity of some immigration qualification) and negatively associated with positive attitudes (desirability of immigration). These relationship was universal, however many relationship that were cultural-specific. Especially notable is the effect of full mediation in different samples of some relationship between some values and attitudes by social distance. The obtained results are valuable for understanding of some aspects of intercultural relations. |
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299–309
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The research is devoted to transmission of individual values, in particular the impact of socio-cultural context of residence (urban and rural area) on the similarities and differences in values of adolescents and their parents. The research method was a socio-psychological survey. As the instrument we used the Portrait Values Questionnaire by S. Schwartz (PVQ-R). We interviewed representatives of two generations: parents and children from 91 families in Moscow and 62 families in rural areas (n=306). For mathematical-statistical data processing we used: Student’s ttest, intraclass correlation and multivariate analysis of variance. The study established that intra-family similarity in values from blocks Openness to Change, Self-Enhancement and Self-Transcendence is somewhat higher in the families living in the city than in the families living in the village, and the value similarity in block Conservation is higher in families residing in the village. It is also established that adolescents’ values are more similar to the values of peers than to parents ' values, in both urban and rural societies. But at the same time, we identified value differences between urban and rural families. The greatest differences were observed in values of block Self-Transcendence. The value similarity of this block is higher in families living in the city than in families living in rural areas. In both samples we observed two options for the transmission of values: from parents to children and value influence of friends, peers, and socio-cultural context (place of residence). In urban society Self-Transcendence values are better transmitted, and in rural society Conservation values are better transmitted. |
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310–322
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The article reviews the results of the study on the interaction of values and socio-economic views of Korean and Russian students. The theoretical basis for the research is the works by Russian and foreign authors in social, economic and cross-cultural psychology, as well as in institutional and behavioral economy. The theory of individual values by S. Schwartz was used for the study on values (Schwartz et al., 2012), as well as some works on interaction of culture and economy (Weber, 1978; Hofstede, 1980; Furham, 1984; Inglehart, 1997; Zhuravlev, Kupreychenko, 2007; Lebedeva, Tatarko, 2011). The objective of the research was the detection of universal and culture-specific correlations between individual values and socio-economic views of Russian and Korean students. The subjects were students of 14 to 30 years of age (157 Koreans and 211 Russians), living in Seoul (Republic of Korea) and Moscow (Russia) correspondingly. Socio-psychological survey was administered with the method of “snowball”, the content of the questionnaires in two languages was identical. The Korean version of the questionnaire was translated and adapted in accordance with the requirements of cross-cultural psychology – Think-aloud (Ericsson & Simon, 1980; Someren, Barnard, Sandberg, 1994). The results of the survey were calculated with SPSS and AMOS (exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling). The research showed that there are universal correlations of values Openness to Change with Positive attitude toward competition and between Self-transcendence and Satisfaction with material status and Importance of money. Also cultural-specific correlation was found between the block of values Openness to Change and Positive attitude toward competition in Russians and Koreans – which was positive and negative correspondingly. The acquired results and findings of the research can be used in drafting of recommendations in the sphere of cross-cultural business-consulting. |
Articles
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323–346
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The focus of the paper is the contribution of personality resources (optimism, hardiness, tolerance to ambiguity, self-efficacy, purpose in life), to the dynamics of subjective well-being under the pressure of economic crisis. As expected, personality resources have both filtering and buffering functions, influencing the subjective impact of economic crisis upon the life circumstances as well as subjective well-being. 126 adult Muscovites participated in the first wave of the study during the fervor of the crisis in Russia in Spring 2009 filling out the questionnaires addressing personal resources, subjective well-being, vitality, and questions about the impact of economic crisis on their life circumstances. In the second wave 18 months later the levels of subjective well-being and vitality were measured again in 86 of the participants. The results showed that the effect of the economic crisis was associated with personality resources more than with social-demographic data. The filtering function was revealed only for purpose in life and self-control coping while for hardiness, optimism and planning coping the effect was much weaker. Buffering function showed itself more pointedly than filtering one. Moreover, the buffering function was shown for all the resources separately as well as for integral index of personality resources (IPR). However, buffering function was revealed only regarding the dynamics of subjective well-being as a dependent variable, but not for the dynamics of vitality. In particular, the subjective well-being of those who had low level of IPR depended more on the effect of economic crisis than in those who had high level of IPR. Even more, in the second wave for the participants who reported being highly affected by the crisis but had a high level of IPR showed high level of subjective well-being. |
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347–366
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Objects that fall into one category seem more similar than objects, which differ in their physical parameters to the same extent, but don’t fall into one category. Recent research showed that this categorical perception effect significantly strengthens with giving objects a common name (Kotov et al., 2012; Lupyan, 2008). In the present experiment we intensified categorical perception effect by means of conceptual combinations – definitions, additional to the main name of the category. We compared the manifestation of categorical perception effect in the context of typical combinations (‘Chinese vase’), atypical (‘tasty vase’) and in the context without conceptual combinations (simply ‘vase’). In the beginning the subjects were giving objects, shown to them, categories with or without different types of conceptual combinations, and then memorized additional visual information about objects, which included categorical, i.e. frequent, and individual, i.e. rare qualities. As a result of the study we found out that in all contexts, both with conceptual combinations and without them, the subjects successfully formed prototype of category and recognized old examples of categories. Along with that, only under the conditions of usage of conceptual combinations (both typical and atypical) in relation to objects with reduced quantity of categorical information the subjects demonstrated categorical perception effect, i.e. considered these objects as seen before. Moreover, only with the usage of typical conceptual combinations, as distinct from the usage of atypical ones, the subjects successfully recognized objects with new qualities. We discuss the discovered differences as a manifestation of two functions of conceptual combinations in categorical effect of perception: drawing of attention to the category’s core and underlining category’s differences from other categories. Given results are compared with semantic models of conceptual combinations (Hampton, 1987; Springer, Murphy, 1992). |
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367–385
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In the article the L.S. Vygotsky’s conception of development is reviewed. Its shortcomings are discussed from the perspective of contemporary scientific notions. New conception of development is proposed, based on the ideas of step of development, cultural-historical and semiotic nature of abilities and culture of man’s life. The first idea is linked to differentiation of existential situations, problems, schemas as means for solving these problems, new reality, vision and action. The second idea is about cultural-historical and semiotic understanding of human abilities. The third one is about cultural characteristic of the human developmental stages. The general provisions are illustrated by the analysis of several cases. Among these general provisions there are some new psychological hypotheses. For example, the author analyses following important point. Aristotle in his work On the Soul creates anthropological schemas that preset new, as we would say today, psychological reality, which makes Greeks use rules, categories and patterns of thought, created by him. When Greeks got used to this new activity and reality (which, a propos, took almost two centuries), it began to seem that cognition is exactly the phenomenon, which Aristotle described, and man always had got it. The scientists still share this illusion. As V. Rozin states, other human abilities, for example memory, imagination, emotions are also not natural, innately inherent in man phenomena, but cultural-historical and semiotic formations. Another hypothesis is about periodization of psychic development. The author writes that periodization of man’s development has to be based not on the concept of age, but on the concept of “culture of man’s life”. Referring to his works, he states that man is integral only in the biological realm, but as a cultural and spiritual being man is not integral. There are several “cultures of man’s life”: “culture of childhood”, “culture of adolescence and youth”, several “cultures of adult man”. Each culture of man’s life is characterized by the specifics of activities and vision (consciousness), as well as the way of socialization. |
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386–409
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The article presents the results of development of the Russian version of the Relationship Assessment Scale by S. Hendrick. As distinct from the satisfaction with marriage test, well-known in our country, this scale is characterized by good usability, parsimony and applicability for diagnostics of satisfaction with both marital and other intimate relationships between adults. Approbation of the proposed Russian version was conducted on three samples (general size N = 602), including students, employees of state-funded organizations and Internet users of various ages (who took part in online-testing), who were officially married or in premarital relationships. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the one-dimensional structure of the scale (with the presence of covariance, which reflected the specifics of respondents’ reaction to the reversed items of the scale). The scale showed excellent reliability in internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha .84 – .89) and retest reliability (> .7). Convergent validity is confirmed by high correlations with two diagnostic scales of satisfaction with marriage (r1 = .82, r2 = .88). Construct validity was confirmed by foreseeable correlations with scales of styles of love, attachment, subjective wellbeing and happiness. Moderate correlation was found between the measure of the scale and propensity for self-deception. Significant influence on relationships satisfaction was shown by factors of gender, marital status and their interaction, wherein the highest level of satisfaction was characteristic of men in marriage. Though relationships satisfaction in men is significantly higher than in women, the range of difference is not large (Cohen’s d = .25). The analysis of differential functioning of the items of the scale showed their independence from gender and dependence from marital status, which may reflect different interpretation of some items by people in relationships of various types. The acquired results allow to recommend the suggested version of the scale as an instrument for evaluation of satisfaction with marital or other intimate relationships of adults. |
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410–420
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The aim of this study was to analyze the scope and limitations of top-down influences upon visual information processing (during visual search for letters and words in random letter arrays). Previously we have demonstrated that the presence of words in large letter arrays does not affect the efficiency of visual search for a target letter in these arrays. The current study shows that spontaneous word extraction during visual search for target letters and controlled word extraction during visual search for words are mediated by different perceptual strategies. Spontaneous word detection is not accompanied by specific eye movements, whereas the words search task produces an increase of the number of eye fixations over all the letter array, both within and between words. In an additional study we demonstrate that categorical set does not affect the efficiency of visual search for words in random letter arrays: it seems that observers first extract words from letter arrays and then categorize detected words. Thus, there appears to exist two distinct mechanisms providing for the detection of words in letter arrays. The first mechanism is based on the processing of separate letters, whereas the second one is based on the processing of words as perceptual chunks. |
Reviews
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421–430
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The article is dedicated to the review and analysis of the key publications on the “Possible self” theory. The theoretical representations developed within this approach are provided in the text. The research potential of the approach is elaborated, and ways of its practical application are represented. Hazel Markus, the author of the term "possible self", adds a new component to the general model ofself-concept for an explanation of how concepts of potency influence self-concept as a whole. Possible self is the part of self-concept that appeals to the sphere of future and potency, and serves as a cognitive expression of expectations, goals, fears, hopes and aspirations of the subject, as well as the link between cognitive appraisal of self and motivation. The current estimation of the self, as H. Markus believes, considers possible selves, those that the person would like to become, selves that he avoids, and even selves that will never become real. At the same time this mechanism is not reduced only to understanding of the goal or appraisal of the possible future, but surely includes experience of a potential situation from within and appraisal of opportunities to act. In such form it becomes the important instrument of the personality development and personality resource of self-regulation and coping with difficulties. The role and the place of this approach in the general theory of self-concept were analyzed. The concepts "self-schema" and "working self-concept" were defined. Some opportunities of application of this approach in psychotherapy are revealed. Results of some empirical studies provided within this approach are given. It is shown that possible self construct demonstrates high heuristic potential and demonstrates ample opportunities of application in psychological practice. |
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