The article examines different approaches to the study of conscientiousness developed by W. James, G.G. Shpet, M.M. Bakhtin, L.S Vygotsky, A.N. Leotiev, M.K. Mamardashvili. Evaluation of neurophysiologic reductionism is made. The article thoroughly studies the properties of conscientiousness: dialogism and the related cultural and historical sources of conscientiousness; beingness, semantic features, the polyphony of conscientiousness. «Polyphonic thinking» (M.M. Bakhtin) is examined as a means of investigation of the conscientiousness. The metaphor of the flow of conscientiousness is supplemented with a metaphor of the tissue of conscientiousness. The requirements for conscientiousness structuring are formulated and a preliminary version of conscientiousness structure is briefly described.